Whether a new cross is designed to be a F1 hybrid, which is
sold as such commercially, or a breeding start for a program to develop new
inbred/O.P. lines, selection of parents is critical. Most breeders will select parents that
complement each other, so that in the F1 (or F8) generation you capture the
best characteristics of each parent.
We have now made and tested several dozen crosses between
beefsteak and cherry types – hoping to capture some of the exquisite taste of
the best cherries (think Sungold) in a larger fruited type. We have also used early fruiting cherries to
get earlier maturity in these hybrids and hybrid-derived Fx progeny.
There are some general patterns that we find interesting:
In crosses between smaller x larger fruit, the
fruit size in the F1 generation will be much smaller than the mid-parent mean. My tomato friend Bill Jeffers told me many
years ago that fruit size in hybrids could be estimated using the mean of the
square root of the fruit weight of the parents – for example (1oz x 9oz) –->
(√1 + √9)/2=2oz fruit wt for the
F1. I’ve found this to be a pretty good
rule of thumb.
In the
F2 generation we have found almost the whole range of variation in fruit size,
but heavily skewed toward smaller fruit.
The frequency distribution typically looks something like this:
In
this example, again the parents were a 1oz cherry and a 9oz medium
beefsteak. You need to look at a lot of
F2 plants to find one that comes close to capturing the size of the large
fruited parent.
The
frequency distribution for maturity (i.e. earliness in fruit set) is similarly
skewed toward the early parent, but in these F2 populations earliness
and fruit size are negatively correlated – generally small fruited types are early,
larger fruited types are later.
Thankfully we have been able to get earlier large fruited types by
selecting primarily for size in the F2 and then for size and earliness in the
F3 – again using large populations in both generations.
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| Our "go-to" cherry parent - derived from Sungold |
Much
of our recent crossing involves commercial hybrids (e.g. Bella Rosa, Mountain Merit, Panzer and Tasti-Lee) with exceptional
disease resistance as the large fruited parent and very flavorful striped
cherries as the small fruited parent, so we are also selecting in the F2 and F3
for flavor, stripes, plant health and fruit quality. So far we are making progress on all fronts.
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| Fruit from F5 line derived from cherry x beefsteak cross |